Florence Nightingale As A Hero - 1021 Words

Edward Albert once said, â€Å"The simple act of caring is heroic†. This gives precedence to the fact that not all heroes have stories or myths written about them; some are known simply for the kindness that they have exhibited towards others. The idea that a hero is inclusive, means that the person is considered a hero to all parts of the world (not just a certain culture or time-period); however, this is simply not true. For instance, Jesus is considered a hero and savior to those that follow the Christian/Catholic Religion, but to those that follow the Islamic religion he is simply a prophet and messenger of God (Largen, 2014). Thus, cultural heroes differ and they are known mostly to the cultures they impact. An example of such a little†¦show more content†¦Nightingale underwent a multitude of adventures and journeys on her heroic path towards bettering the medical society. She travelled the world (Cook, 2012) learning how to heal and care for the wounded. She al so continually fought against the sexism that was rampant throughout the time-period (Steele, 2017). Nightingale was successful in her battles for a better medical society. She brought about major changes in the practices and teachings of others, particularly in the field of nursing. Prior to her actions, the medical culture did not put much thought into handwashing and other hygiene practices (Steele, 2017). She also laid the foundation of professional nursing with the establishment of her nursing school in London, which became the basis for professional nursing schools across the world (Steele, 2017). During Nightingale’s work with the Crimean War, the media released multiple articles about her actions, and how they decreased the death rates for the soldiers (McDonald, 2013). Some believe that this was to give the public a hero during wartime, while others believe that it was simply due to her actions. Even though Nightingale may not have claimed credit for the decrease in death rates, she was a hero to the public for helping the soldiers return home due to her actions causing a decrease in the death rates of the soldiers that were largely due to preventable diseases (McDonald 2013). The terms for being â€Å"heroic† are bound to eachShow MoreRelatedTaking a Look at Florence Nightengale730 Words   |  3 PagesI chose Florence Nightingale for a number of reasons one being that I happen now that theres a school named after her. So I kind of want to see why was she so famous for so a school could be named after her. An also I feel that not everyone might write about her so it could be excited to research about her. History has forgotten to remind us about all the great women that have changed the world. Like that of famed military nurse and also mathematics Florence Nightingale. The essay will containRead MoreThe Most Influential Nurse Of History : Florence Nightingale1322 Words   |  6 PagesThe Most Influential Nurse in History Florence Nightingale did not start out as the successful woman she is known as today. She belonged to the upper social class of England. Many restrictions were placed on women in Nightingale’s social class such as what they were allowed to read or where they could go. Among her family and social class, nursing seemed out of the question as a career. If you had a â€Å"regular job† you did not belong to society. 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When she returned from the war, she was greeted by the royal Queen Victoria and the society of England as a heroine. Punch magazine depicted Miss Florence Nightingale as aRead MoreFlorence Nightingale : A Courageous And Helpful Woman1770 Words   |  8 Pageswork. Then, there was Florence Nightingale who believed at an early age, that she could make a difference. In analysis of historical images and poems, Florence Nightingale was represented as a courageous and helpful woman. Propaganda during this time period played a huge role in advertising Nightingale and her accomplishments. Florence Nightingale took a stand during the 1850’s often portrayed as someone who couldn’t succeed in the path sh e wanted to follow. However, Nightingale quickly earned theRead MoreEssay about History of Nursing: Florence Nightingale1795 Words   |  8 PagesFlorence Nightingale was born in Florence, Italy on May 12, 1820. 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Her accomplishments affected thousands of people. Florence NightingaleRead MoreNursing Association : Nursing As The Profession Or Practice Of Providing Care For The Sick And Infirm2003 Words   |  9 Pageshistory of nursing is very interesting, from the people who made it a possibility to the breakthroughs and improvements that have happened in the field. Because of the early years of nursing, our greatest accomplishments came from people such as Florence Nightingale, and if it were not for people like her, nursing would still be frowned upon today. According to Gail Thomas and Eileen Richardson, the first nursing school was established in India in 250 B.C. At that time only men went to nursing school.Read MorePs330 Final3059 Words   |  13 Pagescourse I have chosen Florence Nightingale. Nightingale is such a significant person in my career field as a registered professional nurse; she of course is the unsung hero of my profession and an outstanding pioneer of her time. 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Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies

Question: Discuss about the Strengthening Reporting of Observational Studies. Answer: Introduction: Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a set of abnormal behavior is observed in an individual characterized by unstable mood, behavior, emotion and functioning. There is extreme feeling of depression, anxiety, self-harm and suicidal thinking among people with BPD. The rate of suicide and suicidal behavior is high in people with borderline personality disorder. There are argument regarding the values of hospitalization on patients with BPD and one research suggests that hospitalization can produce negative effects for patients. This is because of the chronic suicidality characteristics of BPD. The management of chronic suicidality characteristic is based on specific treatment, which should not be restricted to hospital setting. Hospital should be reserved for specific treatment such a neuroleptic therapy for psychotic patients which cannot be delivered outside the hospital. Hence, suicidal prevention in hospital leads to more regression in patients (Paris, 2004). Another study just ifies in-patient treatment for such patients to promote safety, however the suicidal precaution steps used in hospital setting reinforce suicidal thinking in patients. People continue to have suicidal intention even after suicide (Bateman Fonagy, 2010). Hence, the purpose of hospitalization for these patients is not met. People with BPD are often hospitalized for continuous psychotic episodes, serious suicide attempts and self-mutilation. This has been found of no value for recovery of patient and lead to negative effects in patients. Some of the prolonged impact of extended inpatient hospitalization includes continued risk of assaultive behavior, poor physical and social functioning, eating disorder and non-adherence to treatment. It is also an additional expense in terms of cost. Hence, psychiatric admissions are often opposed by mental health professionals due to adverse effect of regression and iatrogenic dependency (Koekkoek et al., 2010). Apart from this negative impact of hospitalization on patients, the negative attitude of psychiatric staffs on treatment of patients BPD also creates risk for patient. Negative attitude and lack of empathy towards patients further increased the burden and cost of treatment (Bodner et al., 2015). The analysis of literature revealed that there is lack of studies regarding the long-term impact of prolonged hospitalization on people with BPD. Although studies present reinforcement of suicidal tendency despite hospital, researchers have not yet explored the long-term impact of hospitalization on mental health of BPD patients. Objective of the study The purpose of this research is to analyse and evaluate the long-term impact of prolonged hospitalization on patients with BPD and identify the strategies or approach by which the impact can be reduced. The research question for the study includes the following: How does prolonged hospitalization affect patients with BPD? What are the long-term impact of hospitalization on patients with BPD? What strategies or interventions are needed to reduce the adverse impact of hospitalization? Research approach The review of research presents several contrasting viewpoint for hospitalization in BPD patients. Short-term hospitalization is effective in severe crisis situation and for the diagnosis of BPD. Short-term hospitalization is also supported to provide temporary relief from acute stressful episodes and self-destructive behavior. However, there is doubt regarding prolonged hospitalization for this group of patients as most of the symptoms of BPD can be managed by structured outpatient program like individual therapy and medication. Hence, due to the lack of study regarding the adverse effect of prolonged hospitalization in this patient, this research is important to widen the knowledge regarding adverse effect of hospitalization and find alternative ways to reduce the harm in patients. Grounded theory approach to qualitative research will be done to conduct this research. This methodology of research is used to construct theory through the analysis of data relevant to the purpose of study. It is an inductive way of research in which specific research question guides the future course of investigation. The data collected for the study is reviewed repeatedly with separate repeated idea and categorize data into different codes. This codes can be further developed into a concept and consequently specific categories (Charmaz, 2014). Conventional research is based on a theoretical framework on the basis of which data is collected to show prove whether the theory applies to the phenomenon under study or not. In contrast, grounded theory research method offers explanation related to the phenomenon of study which results in the development of theory. Apart from generation of theories from data, this research methodology also helps in the discovery of emerging patterns in the data. By this means, several social patterns of society can be easily conceptualized (Kelle, 2010). The methodological strategies of grounded theory by means of extensive data analysis lead to the development of middle level theories. The final result has credibility as it is made on the basis of strong empirical foundation. Reflexivity in grounded theory can contribute to validity of the research by means of analysis and interpretation of different phases of research (Gentles et al. 2014). This methodology has been chosen for the current study because there is lack of studies regarding the harmful long-term impact of hospitalization in BPD patients. Short-term impact has been discussed, however there is lack of theory regarding long-term potential impact of prolonged hospitalization. Hence, study with this group of people through grounded theory approach will help to evaluate the long-term impact and develop theory regarding potential ill-effect. It will help in better understanding of the phenomenon related to adverse impact of prolonged exposure to hospitalization (Creswell, 2012). Other advantage of using this methodology in current study is that it will sequentially guide the research process and offer specific strategies for handling the research data. It will promote conceptual understanding and enhance the legitimacy of the qualitative research (Kolb, 2012). Data collection The data collection for this research will be based on the data collection technique of participant observation to generate data for the grounded theory and research question. It will help to gain familiarity with the study participants a specific environment for a certain period of time (Bryman, 2015). As the aim of the research is to develop understanding about long-term hospitalization process on people with BPD, the research will be conducted for extended time period. Participant for the study will be recruited from the outpatient unit of the Department of Psychiatry in the regional hospital of Australia. The inclusion criteria for the participation included diagnosis of BPD within 1 year and absence of other chronic disease. They should also have past history of at least one suicidal attempt in the past one year. This criteria is important because if participants with other chronic illness are include in the study, it might give biased and invalid results. The participants will be assessed for inclusion by means of assessment carried out by experienced clinician. They will confirm the diagnosis of BPD on the basis of criteria listed in the DSM-IV (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders) classification system and clinical history of participants (Sellbom et al., 2014). As this group of participants will be kept in hospital for about 3 months period, their clinical assessment will be done before and after hospitalization. After provi ding the same treatment protocol to all patients during the hospitalization, their health status and symptom will be assessed quarterly followed by one-year follow-up to evaluate any long-term impact of hospitalization. After the hospitalization phase, the severity of the symptoms will be assessed by means of Hamilton Rating Scale for depression and Anxiety. Secondly, suicidal behavior questionnaire will be distributed to each participant and they will be asked to give their response. This will help to observe suicide ideation post-hospitalization (Linehan et al., 2015). Ethics of research The ethical requirement in conducting the research will be met by taking ethical approval for the research from the Australian Institute of Applied Psychology Human Research Ethics Committee. This approval will reflects that the research process will follow the standards of ethical conduct as mentioned in the Australian Code for Responsible Conduct of Research. The permission or approval of research depicts that research process has been assessed on all level such as quality, safety, ethical responsibility, risk management and financial management (ACAP Research Ethics ACAP, 2017). Secondly, during the recruitment phase of research, participants will be included in the study only after taking written informed consent for the participants. This will mean informing participant about the purpose of study, any risk during the process, concealment of identity of participants and method of dissemination of study finding. The detail regarding the treatment protocol and interventions will a lso be provided to participants while taking informed consent. This will ensure that participants will voluntarily participate in the research based on relevant risk and benefits of the research for them. The main information given to participant will include purpose of research, expected duration, right to decline, reasonable foreseeable risk factors and limits of confidentiality (Kass et al., 2015). Steps taken to strengthen the credibility and generelisability of the findings The research is mainly concerned with identifying the long-term adverse impact of hospitalization on patients with BPD. Analysis of recent literature on the topic has propose little value of hospitalization on suicide ideation and depression in patients with BPD. Research studies have analyzed the impact of certain interventions in hospital setting, however there is lack of studies regarding the impact of hospitalization in people with BPD. To gain insight into the issues faced by patient after prolonged hospitalization and plan strategies to reduce the effect, the participant observation and clinical assessment is considered important for this research study. Furthermore, the credibility of the research will be enhanced by means of appropriate tool to assess the level of anxiety and suicide ideation among participants post-hospitalization period (Noble Smith, 2015). In this study, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) will be used to measure the severity of anxiety level in participants post-hospitalization. This will enhance the credibility of the research data and findings as it is validated tool used to assess response of patient following an intervention or treatment. The score obtained from the HAM-A will help to evaluate the potential bad or good effect of prolonged hospitalization on management of symptoms of BPD (Thompson, 2015). This means of clinical assessment and collection of data related to anxiety and suicide ideation will enhance the richness of the data collected. Furthermore, the trustworthiness of the data will be increased by analyzing data through the data triangulation method. By this technique, the validation of the data will be enhanced through cross verification from two or more sources. In this research, the two approaches for understanding the phenomenon (adverse impact of hospitalization) include use of anxiety and su icide ideation tool as well as completing the Suicidal behavior questionnaire. By this multiple technique of assessment, the study finding can be cross-verified and any biasness or confounding factors in research can be readily identified. This technique will help to overcome the limitations of research, which is based on single-observation technique (Hussein, 2015). The credibility of the finding is also enhanced by maintaining consistency in research findings so that it can be readily understood and replicated by others. All this is dependent on method of inquiry, analysis and presentation of research finding. Integrity in this research will be maintained by recruitment of experienced clinical staff involved in dealing with BPD patients and other psychological disorder. This involvement of experienced staff in research will establish control over the data collection, data analysis and reporting of the research finding. As this research used observation method for data collection, the guidelines for reporting observational studies will be followed. It helped in reporting of data transparently so that readers and reviewers can easily follow the research process, study finding and the final conclusion of the research. The study finding will also be compared with other relevant research to analyze consistency level. This form of critical assessment and comparison with other research article will help to identify strength and weakness in study design and analysis. The use of STROBE (Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology) statement checklist of items required for reporting observational studies will enhance the reporting process of studies (Von Elm et al., 2014). Grounded theory methodology is chosen for this research study to develop theory or approach regarding impact of hospitalization on BPD patients. The rigour in the grounded theory research can be developed by special consideration regarding this in the data collection phase. For this research study, the rigour and validity of the research is dependent on scores obtained for each participant in the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and the Hamilton Suicide Ideation Scale. Furthermore, the response that will be obtained from the Suicide Ideation Questionnaire will first be code and categorized into different concepts. Secondly, the emerging concepts obtained from participants response will be cross-checked by the score obtain from the clinical assessment tool for the study. Other research experts will be consulted for to make sampling and analytical decisions. This step will reflect the rigour in research as well as strengthen the credibility of the research study. This inductive-deductive process will lead to theory generation specific to the objective of the research (Cooney, 2011). Another aim of this research is to reduce the impact of hospitalization on BPD by suggestive effective inpatient intervention for this group. This is highly dependent on the level of severity found in participants post- hospitalization. To address the negative impact of hospitalization on BPD patient, it is suggested to include partial hospitalization in patients with severe psychotic symptoms and self-harm attempts. Furthermore, BPD patients can be provided therapy in residential setting. One example of an intervention that can be given outside the hospital include the Dialectical behavior therapy. This treatment consists of multiple components such as individual therapy, skills training and coping skills to achieve positive outcome for patients. The efficacy of this intervention for treatment of risk behavior in BPD has been proved by various research studies and it has revealed reduced rate of suicidal and self-injurious behavior in treatment groups. This intervention is increasin gly provided in community setting where patients are not restricted to the limits of the hospital and gets chance to do other activities. This promotes well-being and better results post the intervention (Linehan et al., 2015). The utility of dialectical behavior therapy in patient treatment of BPD patients has also been analysed by Bloom et al., (2012) and the researcher showed that it is effective in reducing symptoms related to BPD in inpatient setting. However, this involved variation in certain strategies of the intervention such as phone consultation was removed from treatment schedule. Secondly, duration of the treatment was changes according to the convenience of patient. This resulted in reducation in self-harm behavior, suicidal intention and aggressive behavior in patients. This suggestion of appropriate intervention to reduce the risk of harm to patients with BPD will reflect that research situation was appropriately verified and analyzed to improve health outcome of target group. This will help to fulfill the purpose of the study and promote the transferability of the research in real context and clinical scenario. Furthermore, transferability will be promoted by appropriate reporting of key findings, strength and limitation of the study. Reference ACAP Research Ethics ACAP. (2017).Acap.edu.au. Retrieved 13 April 2017, from https://www.acap.edu.au/faculty-and-research/acap-research-ethics/ Bateman, A., Fonagy, P. (2010). Mentalization based treatment for borderline personality disorder.World psychiatry,9(1), 11-15. Bloom, J. M., Woodward, E. N., Susmaras, T., Pantalone, D. W. (2012). Use of dialectical behavior therapy in inpatient treatment of borderline personality disorder: a systematic review.Psychiatric Services,63(9), 881-888. Bodner, E., Cohen-Fridel, S., Mashiah, M., Segal, M., Grinshpoon, A., Fischel, T., Iancu, I. (2015). The attitudes of psychiatric hospital staff toward hospitalization and treatment of patients with borderline personality disorder.BMC psychiatry,15(1), 2. Bryman, A. (2015).Social research methods. Oxford university press. Charmaz, K. (2014).Constructing grounded theory. Sage. Cooney, A. (2011). Rigour and grounded theory.Nurse researcher,18(4), 17-22. Creswell, J. W. (2012).Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Sage publications. Gentles, S. J., Jack, S. M., Nicholas, D. B., McKibbon, K. (2014). Critical approach to reflexivity in grounded theory.The Qualitative Report,19(44), 1-14. Hussein, A. (2015). The use of triangulation in social sciences research: Can qualitative and quantitative methods be combined?.Journal of Comparative Social Work,4(1). Kass, N. E., Taylor, H. A., Ali, J., Hallez, K., Chaisson, L. (2015). A pilot study of simple interventions to improve informed consent in clinical research: Feasibility, approach, and results.Clinical Trials,12(1), 54-66. Kelle, U. (2010). The development of categories: Different approaches in grounded theory.The Sage handbook of grounded theory, 191-213. Koekkoek, B., Van Der Snoek, R., Oosterwijk, K., Van Meijel, B. (2010). Preventive psychiatric admission for patients with borderline personality disorder: A pilot study.Perspectives in psychiatric care,46(2), 127-134. Kolb, S. M. (2012). Grounded theory and the constant comparative method: Valid research strategies for educators.Journal of Emerging Trends in Educational Research and Policy Studies,3(1), 83. Linehan, M. M., Korslund, K. E., Harned, M. S., Gallop, R. J., Lungu, A., Neacsiu, A. D., ... Murray-Gregory, A. M. (2015). Dialectical behavior therapy for high suicide risk in individuals with borderline personality disorder: a randomized clinical trial and component analysis.JAMA psychiatry,72(5), 475-482. Noble, H., Smith, J. (2015). Issues of validity and reliability in qualitative research.Evidence Based Nursing,18(2), 34-35. Paris, J. (2004). Is hospitalization useful for suicidal patients with borderline personality disorder?Journal of Personality Disorders,18(3), 240-247. doi:10.1521/pedi.18.3.240.35443 Sellbom, M., Sansone, R. A., Songer, D. A., Anderson, J. L. (2014). Convergence between DSM-5 Section II and Section III diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder.Australian New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry,48(4), 325-332. Thompson, E. (2015). Hamilton rating scale for anxiety (HAM-A).Occup. Med.(Lond.),65, 601. Von Elm, E., Altman, D. G., Egger, M., Pocock, S. J., Gtzsche, P. C., Vandenbroucke, J. P., Strobe Initiative. (2014). The Strengthening the Reporting of Observational Studies in Epidemiology (STROBE) Statement: guidelines for reporting observational studies.International Journal of Surgery,12(12), 1495-1499.